z04th+Quarter+2012

DON'T CLICK THIS LINK!.......................ALL "FIXED" AND LATE WORK WILL ONLY BE DOCKED 10%. How to learn Root_Words......................FIXED AND LATE WORK CAN EARN UP TO 90% CREDIT. Making Up or Improving Classwork........(Late work must be turned in before I enter semester grades.) 2nd Semester SNB Table  of Contents

6/7 & 6/8 Frog Dissection

6/6 Final

6/5 Practice Test

6/4 Final Exam Questions part 3

6/1Final Exam Questions part 2

(BONUS Material) 2nd Semester Final Study Guide Each item below addresses a question on the final. Part 1 1. Know the three kinds of levers shown on pages 537 and 539. What class lever is a shovel? Draw a shovel and indicate the resistance force, fulcrum and effort force. 2. Draw fertilization like on page 649. Label items in your picture. 3. Explain asexual reproduction with a quick sketch. 4. Sketch this: Pollen fertilizing an egg in a cone bearing plants (gymnosperms) or in a flower bearing plant (angiosperm). Page 391 #5 or 395 # 4. 5. Sketch and explain the beaks of Darwin's finches. 6. What conditions might lead to the evolution of a new species? 7. What could cause competition among organisms? 8. How are evolutionary relationships determined? 9. What is being close on a classification tree supposed to indicate? 10. What will most likely happen to swamp grass if the swamp dries out? 11. How can the Earth's crust slowly affect a location's climate? 12. What evidence fossil evidence supports the Earth's catastrophic past? 13. What does radioactive dating allow geologist to determine? 14. Where are oldest sedimentary rocks layers found? Part 2 1. What are descriptions of past environments and the history of life based on? p. 289 2. What does finding fossils of the same dinosaur on three different continents indicate? (Hint-Pangaea p. 291) 3. What is the basis for the major divisions of the geologic time scale? p.289 4. How old is the Earth according to geologists? p. 288 5. When do scientists think life on Earth began? p.286 6. What structure do all living organisms have in common? p. 509 7. What join function does the pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs do? p. 573 8. What is the point of figure 17 on page 529? 9. What muscle lifts the bone of the forearm? 10. What is an egg? p. 649 11. In mammals, what happens to unfertilized eggs? p. 654 12. What does the umbilical cord do? p. 559 13. What structure exchanges substances between the mother and fetus? Part 3 1. Draw the structure on which pollen must fall to fertilize a flower's eggs. p. 394 2. Draw the part of a flower that develops into a fruit. 3. Where are sliding joints found in the body? p. 520 4. Where in the body are ball joints found? 5. When a shovel is used to pry up dirt, what class of lever is it? p. 537 6. Draw a first class lever. 7. Where is the fulcrum in the arm? p. 539 8. Ventricular contraction causes __ in the arteries. 9. What is the function of heart valves? 10. Paper is about 20 cm wide. About how long is a line that is a little less than half as long as the width of a sheet of paper? 11. There are 100 cm in one meter. How many centimeters are in 15 meters?

 5/31 2nd Semester Final Exam questions part 1.



5/30 Nervous System 2 Workbook pages 288, 289, 290, & 291 p. 288 (2pts) p. 289 (1pt) p. 290 (1pt) p. 291 (1pt)

 5/29 Nervous System (Use SNB pages 101 & 102. Information starts on textbook page 600 and workbook page 283.) Write a paragraph for the five items below. First, copy the example item. Your paragraphs should be similar to the example. No credit will be given for single sentence responses. a. Write a topic sentence for each item. b. Provide the required information in a few details-sentences. c. Include vocabulary terms found in the reading. d. Write a concluding sentence.

Tell how the nervous system helps maintain homeostasis.

Example: The nervous system helps maintain homeostasis by directing the body to respond appropriately to the information it receives. For example, when your body needs energy your nervous system makes you feel hungry. Another example would be the nervous system increasing your breathing and heart rate as you engage in a physical activity. This is how the nervous system helps maintain homeostasis.

Items: 1. Explain the three functions or jobs of the nervous system. 2. Explain how stimuli and responses work. 3. Describe the parts of a neuron and what each part does. (Don’t forget to tell what each part does.) 4. Tell the function of the three types of neurons. (Remember to tell what each type does.) 5. Explain how nerve impulses travel in a neuron and across a synapse.

5/25 Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Test

Review: http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/circulatorysystem/ http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/blood/ http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/lymphaticsystem/ http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/heart/ http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/respiratorysystem/

 5/24 Chapter 14 Test Review (Answer the questions on SNB pages 99 & 100. These are the types of questions upon which Cornell note summaries could be based.) (Answers can be found on your SNB pages 77, 85, 87, 89, 91, 92, & 96. Answers can also be found in the 14th Chapter of the textbook or workbook pages 262, 268, 272, & 278.)

Circulatory & Respiratory System summaries A. Explain why blood is moved around the body? B. Explain the parts of the heart and the path that the blood takes through these parts? C. Explain the how arteries, capillaries, and veins function. D. Explain the parts of the blood and what each does. E. Explain the parts of the lymph system and what they do. F. Describe the path of air through the structures of the respiratory system. G. Describe the gas exchange in the alveoli.

Hints: The cardiovascular system is the transport system that keeps body cells alive. Blood brings oxygen from air and nutrients from food to the body cells. Blood removes carbon dioxide and wastes produce by the activities of body cells. Blood also transports disease-fighting cells to body cells that need their help. Coming from the body, blood low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide enters the right side of the heart and is pumped to the lungs. Oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood in the lungs. Coming from the lungs, blood high in oxygen with the carbon dioxide removed enters the left side of the heart and is pumped to the body. Body cells use the oxygen in blood to make energy produce carbon dioxide and water that the blood removes. Blood enters the heart in the top two chambers called atria. Blood is pumped out of the heart by the bottom two chambers called ventricles. The heart squeezes to move the blood and four heart valves keep blood moving in the right direction. Blood leaves the heart through arteries. Blood returns to the heart through the veins. Capillaries connect the arteries to the veins. Materials are exchanged between the blood and body cells in the capillaries. Hemoglobin an iron containing molecule that makes up most of a red blood cell is what oxygen chemically attaches to.

 5/23 (Take Cornell style notes on SNB pages 96 to 98.) 1. Functions of the cardiovascular system: a. to transport disease fighting cells b. to carry oxygen, glucose, and other needed materials to the cells. c. to carry carbon dioxide and other wastes away from the cells. 2. Needed substances are carried to the body cells by blood. 3. The function of the atria are to receive blood that comes into the heart. 4. Blood is prevented from flowing backwards through the heart by four valves. 5. When the ventricles contract, blood is pumped out of the heart. 6. Blood flowing into the right atrium from the body contains little oxygen and lots of carbon dioxide. 7. The right ventricle is the heart chamber that pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. 8. The chamber of the heart that pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body is the left ventricle. 9. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and body cells in the capillaries. 10. In arteries and veins, the middle layer is muscle. 11. If a person’s blood lacked platelets, their blood will not clot. 12. A heart attack affects heart cells by cutting off blood flow and oxygen and causing the cells to die. 13. Fluid that leaks from capillaries into the surrounding tissue eventually returns to the blood through the lymphatic system. 14. The function of lymph nodes is to trap disease causing bacteria. 15. Waste substance produced during respiration are carbon dioxide and water. 16. Respiration is the chemical process in which oxygen and glucose react to release energy inside body cells. 17. Bronchi divide into smaller and smaller tubes in a pattern that resembles tree branches in the respiratory system. 18. Cilia are tiny hair-like structures that line the nasal cavities and trachea. 19. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the respiratory system. 20. During gas exchange, oxygen moves from the alveoli into the blood. 21. Atherosclerosis, hardening of the arteries, can lead to a heart attack when it develops in the coronary arteries. 22. Smoking is the leading cause of respiratory disease such a cancerous tumors and emphysema.
 * Test Answers 2**

5/22 Bone & Muscle Systems Test and make up work.

 5/21 Test Answers (Use SNB pages 94 & 95) Seesaw Crowbar || Bottle opener Door || Broom Baseball bat || 1. Organ systems keep the body’s internal conditions the same despite changing external conditions which is called homeostasis. 3. The …… makes blood cells. 4. A stack of …… makes up the back bone. 5. …… are made of strong connective tissue and they hold bone together. 6. …… joints only move backwards or forwards. 7. Beneath the outer membrane of bone there is a layer of …… 8. The spaces in bones are filled with a soft connective tissue called …… 9. Exercise maintains healthy bones by making them grow stronger and denser. 10. Regular exercise and including calcium in your diet is the best way to prevent …. 11. …… is the type of tissue that can contract, or shorten. 12. …… is the type of tissue that lines your digestive track. 13. The …..&..… systems allows you to feel pain when you touch a hot surface. 14. Which type of muscle is found only in the heart? 15. Which type of muscle is voluntary and tires quickly during exercise? 16. One muscle contracts while another returns to its original length, so this is how muscle work in pairs. 17. Muscle can only contract, so they must work in pairs. 18. Cells maintain the activities of life and the ….. in cells directs these activities. 19. In a 1st class lever, the …… is in the middle. 20. In a 2nd class lever, the ….. is in the middle. 21. In a 3rd class lever, the ….. is in the middle.
 * Three Kinds of Levers ||
 * || Class Lever || What in the middle? || Examples ||
 * ..F.. || First class ||  || scissors
 * ..L.. || Second Class ||  || Wheelbarrow
 * ..E.. || Third Class ||  || Fishing pole
 * Acronym (Remember, resistance is the load.) ||

Solar Eclipse

5/18 Part 1 & Part 2  (Part 1) Airway Drawing (Use SNB page 92 to explain five structures and represent them with a drawing.)

 (Part 2) __Incredible Human Machine__ Video Questions Incredible Human Machine 1. What is the value of the human body in dollars? 2. What is the largest single organ in the human body? 3. How much information we receive through our eyes? 4. How much air do humans take in with each relaxed breath? 5. How much air do humans take in each minute? 6. How much blood does the human heart pump in a day? 7. How much blood does the human heart pump in a lifetime? 8. How long is the human digestive tract? 9. How many muscles are there in the human body? 10. What percent of human bones are found in the hands and feet? 11. How many joints are there in the human hand?

 5/17 Respiratory System Questions (Use SNB pages 90 & 91) Copy and fill in the blank. Also write a Cornell type summary.) 1. The respiratory system gets …… into the body and …… out. 2. Oxygen and glucose are used by cells by a process called…… 3. The process of …… releases energy the cells use and produces the waste gas…. 4. ….. ,produced by cells in the nasal cavities, cleans and moistens inhaled air. 5. The tiny hair-like structures that move to sweep mucus towards the throat are… 6. Another name for the throat where mucus is swallowed is the… 7. The windpipe or …… stays open due to cartilage rings and is lined with cilia. 8. Air moves from the trachea to each lung through the … 9. Each bronchus divides into smaller and smaller tubes in the … 10. …… are tiny sacs at the ends of the smallest lung tubes where gases move between the air and blood. 11. …… passes through the wall of the alveolus and then through the capillary wall into the blood. 12. Carbon dioxide and water pass from the blood into the alveoli to complete the gas exchange. 13. The …… is large dome-shaped muscle below the lungs. 14. The …… along with muscles between the ribs cause the can expand and contract the lungs causing air to move in and out. 15. The ……, located atop the trachea, contains the vocal cords that vibrate when air passes over them.



5/16 Blood and Lymph (Answer the questions in complete sentences on SNB page 89. Or copy the questions and give short answers. Answers can be found starting with textbook page 563.) 1) What is plasma and what is it made of? 2) List three kinds of material carried in plasma. 3) What is the function/job of red blood cells? 4) What is hemoglobin and where is it found? 5) What is the function/job of white blood cells? 6) List four ways white blood cells (WBCs) are different from red blood cells. (RBCs). 7) What are platelets? 8) Tell how blood clots form. 9) Explain blood types. 10) What is the lymphatic system? 11) What does the lymphatic system do? 12) What are lymph vessels? 13) What are lymph nodes? 14) What does the spleen do? 15) Include pictures or graphic organizers.

Additional information: http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Lymphatic_system

 5/15 Cardiovascular System (Take Cornell style notes on SNB pages 87 & 88.) 1. (Copy)
 * The path blood through the body: ||
 * || Left side of the heart ↘ ||  ||
 * The body ↗ ||  || ↙ The lungs ||
 * || ↖ Right side of the heart ||  ||

2. (Copy)
 * || Cardiovascular system structure ||  ||
 * || is made up of ||  ||
 * Heart || Arteries || Veins ||
 * Heart || Arteries || Veins ||
 * Heart || Arteries || Veins ||

3. (Copy & Complete)
 * Chambers of the Heart ||
 * Question || Upper Chambers || Lower Chambers ||
 * Name? ||  ||   ||
 * How many? ||  ||   ||
 * Function or Job? || Collect blood and pump it to a ventricle || Pump blood to the lungs or body ||

(Cornell Style Notes) 4. Blood leaves the heart through arteries. 5. The right ventricle pumps blood into the arteries going to the lungs. 6. The left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta, an artery that leads to the body. 7. Both arteries and veins have three layers. 8. The inner layer of vessels are made of smooth epithelial cells. 9. The middle layer of vessels are made of smooth muscle. 10. Arteries have a much thicker layer of muscle than veins. 11. The outer layer of vessels are made of flexible connective tissue, so they can contract and expand while with standing enormous pressure. 12. The pulse is caused by the relaxing and contracting of an arteries wall. 13. Capillaries connect arteries to veins. 14. Capillaries are only one cell thick to allow the exchange of materials between the blood and the body’s cells. 15. Oxygen and nutrients leave the blood and wastes enter the blood by diffusion in the capillaries. 16. Diffusion is how molecules spread from areas of highs concentrations to lower concentrations. 17. Veins return blood to the heart. 18. Movement of breathing and muscles helps squeeze the blood back towards the heart. 19. Larger veins also contain valves that keep blood from flowing away from the heart.

 5/14 Heart Drawing (Draw a heart and copy the notes on SNB pages 85 & 86.) or

(Label your drawing indicating where blood returns to and leaves the heart.) (Copy the following) 1. Blood returns from the body to the top-right, blood-collecting chamber called the right atrium. 2. The right atrium pumps blood to the bottom right chamber called the right ventricle. 3. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and drop off carbon dioxide. 4. Oxygen rich blood returns to the top-left, blood collecting chamber called the left atrium. 5.. The left atrium pumps blood to the bottom left chamber called the left ventricle. 6. The left atrium pumps blood to the bottom left chamber called the left ventricle. 7. The septum is the wall that separates the right and left sides of the heart. 8. A pacemaker spot in the right atrium sends out a signal for the heart to beat. (SA node) 9. Valves keep the blood from flowing backwards when a heart chamber squeezes. 10. Two loops: The blood pumped out the right side of the heart loops through the lungs. The blood pumped out the left side of the heart loops through the body. 11. In the first loop, the blood travels from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart. 12. In the second loop, blood is pumped from the heart throughout the body and then returns again to the heart.

(Relate these pictures to what you wrote.)

(Not all vertebrate hearts are the same.)

 5/11 Levers Drawn (Use SNB page 84)

Levers axis of rotation ||  || Distance of effort ||   || Amount of effort || or Load ||  || Distance of effort ||   || Amount of effort || Draw these nine items in a three by three table using 12 lines:
 * Kind ||  || Middle? ||   || Increases ||   || Decreases ||
 * 1st. Class ||  || Fulcrum or
 * 2nd. Class ||  || Resistance
 * 3rd. Class ||  || Effort ||   || Distance moved ||   || Distance of effort ||

Door Wheelborrow Bottle Opener Seesaw Crowbar Scissor Fish Pole Broom Saber


 * Items ||  || What is in the Middle? ||   || Class ||
 * Door ||  || Mass of Door (R) ||   || 2nd ||
 * Wheelbarrow ||  || Load (R) ||   || 2nd ||
 * Bottle Opener ||  || Cap Hook (R) ||   || 2nd ||
 * Seesaw ||  || Center Stand (F) ||   || 1st ||
 * Crowbar ||  || Bend (F) ||   || 1st ||
 * Scissors ||  || Pivot (F) ||   || 1st ||
 * Fish Pole ||  || Hands (E) ||   || 3rd ||
 * Broom ||  || Bottom Hand (E) ||   || 3rd ||
 * Light Saber ||  || Hands (E) ||   || 3rd ||

 5/10 Organizers (Use SNB pages 82 & 83 and copy the four tables.) Sketch a turtle with a circulatory system. contract or shorten || Skeletal Muscle/Cardiac muscle /Smooth or organ muscle || sends & receive signals || Brain & Spinal cord- Motor and sensory neurons || / Skin ||
 * Levels of Organization in Living Things ||
 * Organism || Organ systems working together || Turtle ||
 * Organ system || Organs working together || Circulatory System ||
 * Organ || Tissues working together || Heart, arteries, veins ||
 * Tissue || Similar cells working together || Muscle, epithelial ||
 * Cell || Functional and structural unit || Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle ||
 * Tissues of the Human Body ||
 * Tissue type || Function/Job || Location in the Body ||
 * Muscle || Movement-
 * Nervous || Communication –
 * Connective || Supports and Connects || Bone, Blood & Fat Cells ||
 * Epithelial || Covers and protects || Lining of the digestive system
 * Movable Joints ||
 * Joint || Kind of Motion || Location in Body ||
 * Hinge || Back and forth in one plane/direction || Elbows & knees ||
 * Ball and Socket || Circular || Shoulders & hips ||
 * Pivot || Rotation || Neck ||
 * Sliding || Sliding || Wrists & ankles ||


 * Types of Muscle ||
 * Muscle Type || Location || Voluntary or Involuntary || Striated or Not ||
 * Skeletal || Connected to bone || Voluntary || Striated ||
 * Cardiac || Heart || Involuntary || Striated ||
 * Smooth || Organs & Vessels || Involuntary || Not ||



 5/9 Body Levers Use SNB pages 80 & 81. Copy notes Cornell style.

5/8 Make up day - 64 Organ Systems 68 Skeletal Systems 72 Muscular System 74 Body Machines 77 Transport in the Body

 5/7 __Transport in the Body__ (SNB pages 77-79/Workbook pages 262/Textbook pages 552-561) 1)Another name for the circulatory system is the 2)The cardiovascular system consists of… 3)Explain what the circulatory system does. 4)Briefly explain the three things blood contains. 5)Explain what the heart does. 6)Explain the septum. 7)Explain the sides of the heart. 8)Explain what an atrium is. 9)Explain the pacemaker, its location, and what it does. 10)Explain what a ventricle is. 11)Explain the job of an atrium. 12)Briefly explain the job of a ventricle. 13)Explain the job of an artery. 14)Explain what happens in the capillaries. 15)Explain the job of veins. 16)Explain the flow of blood through the body.

B.

Levers

 5/4 Machines and the Body (Use SNB pages 74-76/ Workbook page 258 or Textbook pages 532-539) 1)Explain force. 2)Explain work. 3)Explain what a machine is. 4)Explain a fulcrum. 5)Explain what a lever does. 6)Explain effort force. 7)Explain effort distance. 8)Explain resistance force. 9)Explain resistance distance. 10)Explain mechanical advantage. 11)Explain effort arm. 12)Explain resistance arm. 13)Explain what joints and bones are in terms of lever systems. 14)Draw the three kinds of levers. 

 5/3 Muscular System (Use SNB pages 72 & 73/ Textbook pages 526 to 530) 1)Contrast involuntary and voluntary muscles. 2)Explain what tendons do. 3)Explain what do skeletal muscles do. 4)Explain what smooth muscles do. 5)Explain what cardiac muscles do. 6)Explain why skeletal muscles must work in pairs. 7)Contrast the rates of tiring in the three types of muscle. 8)Copy and complete the table. Table is also found workbook page 257.
 * Three Types of Muscle ||
 * Type || Location in body || Voluntary or involuntary || Striated or not ||
 * Skeletal ||  ||   ||   ||
 * || Inside many internal organs ||  ||   ||
 * Cardiac ||  ||   ||   ||

http://www.brainpop.com/science/diversityoflife/humanbody/ http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/skeleton/ http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/joints/ http://www.brainpop.com/health/diseasesinjuriesandconditions/brokenbones/ http://www.brainpop.com/health/diseasesinjuriesandconditions/scoliosis/ http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/muscles/ http://www.brainpop.com/health/diseasesinjuriesandconditions/duchennemusculardystrophy/

 5/2 Skeletal System (Use SNB pages 68 – 71)(Textbook pages 518-525) 1)Complete. The functions of the skeletal system are: 2)Explain vertebrae. 3)Compare the joints in the skull and elbow. 4)Explain what ligaments do. 5)Explain what cartilage does. 6)Compare and contrast red and yellow marrow. 7)Bones store the minerals …… and…….. 8)Explain osteoporosis and how to prevent it. 9)Copy and label figure 13 on textbook page 522. 10)Describe the movement of four types of joints and give an example of each. See figure 12 on textbook page 520.) alternative questions 9)Copy and complete questions 14 to 18 on Workbook page 254. 10)Copy and complete the table on Workbook page 253.

 5/1 Organ System Introduction (Use SNB pages 64 to 67) (Source information is on textbook pages 509-517 or workbook pages 244 & 245.) 1)Explain the relationships between the levels of organization of the human body. 2)Explain the structure that surrounds an animal cell. 3)Explain the function of a cell's nucleus. 4)Explain what cells do. 5)Explain what a tissue consist of. 6)Make a chart that gives the functions and examples of muscle, nervous, connective, and epithelial tissues. 7)Explain what an organ consist of. 8)The level of organization of the heart makes it an ….... 9)Explain what an organ system consist of. 10)Summarize what each organ system does. 11)Explain what the systems of the body work to maintain. 12)Explain homeostasis.

 4/30

__Name the System__ (Use SNB pages 62 & 63.) 0. There are ……. organ systems in the human body. 1) The ………. system supports and protects, regulates body temperature, makes chemicals and hormones, and acts as a sense organ. (Skin) 2)The …… system supports and protects, makes movement easier (with joints), stores minerals, and makes blood cells. 3)The …… system brings about body movement, maintains posture, and produces heat. 4)The …… system allows a person to communicate and integrates and controls the body. 5)The …… system secretes hormones into the blood that serve to communicate with, integrate, and control body systems. 6)The …… system transports substances through the body and establishes immunity. 7) The …… system’s functions are the movement of fluid and its critical role in the defense mechanism of the body against disease. 8)The …… system exchanges oxygen from the air for the waste product carbon dioxide, which is eliminated from the body. 9)The …… system breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and excretes solid waste. 10) The …… system cleans waste products from blood in the form of urine and maintains electrolyte balance, water balance, and acid-base balance. 11)The …… system produces permits development and birth of offspring, nourishes offspring, and produces sex hormones. a. Levels of organization: Organ system – organ – tissue – cell b. ……. is a group of organs that perform a function together. c. …… two or more tissues that together perform a function. d. …… two or more cell types that together perform a function. E. …… are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.

TEST Friday 4/20 Do make up work after test.

 4/19 V & B Test Answers Use SNB pages 60 & 61 Do two columns to improve your test performance. Write a higher level question or note about each item in one column. Write a virus summary and a bacteria summary to improve your test performance.

1. An illness is probably caused by a...... if signs of infect don’t appear for 10 years. 2. ......are used to help in food production, making medicine, and environmental cleanup. 3. .....begin to multiply immediately after it infecting a host cell. 4. Breaking down large chemicals into smaller chemicals is done by organisms called ....... 5. What kind of cells do viruses attack?....... 6. ......are not a treatment for viral infections. 7. Bacteria don’t have nuclei, so they are described as ....... 8. The rigid protective structure around a bacterium is called a ....... 9. Producing energy by breaking down sugar is called. 10. ........are viruses that infect bacteria. 11. Viruses destroy their host cells, so they act like ....... 12. ...... ......, cheese, and vinegar are produce with the help of bacteria. 13. Viruses are ......... than cells. (Size comparison) 14. ........ are found in the cytoplasm of both bacteria and eukaryotic cells. 15. When bacteria experience unfavorable conditions they form ....... 16. Viruses are not cells, so they are considered ....... 17. Viruses are provided energy by their ......... 18. ........ is a process that results in a bacterium becoming genetically different. 19. ........ is a process that starts with one cell and results in two genetically identical bacterium. 20. ........ is a process referred to as reproduction but it starts and ends with two bacteria 21. ......... is a process that starts with one bacterium and ends with two bacteria. 22. The function of a virus's antigenic sites are to ........ to host cells. 23. ........ work by activating the body’s immune system ahead of time. 24. Put the events of an active virus infection in the order in which they happen. (See figure 3 on page 320)

4/17 & 18 Make up day. Stamp recording day.

 4/16 Vaccines (Copy to two equal sized columns on SNB page 58) 0. Draw and label a virus. 1. Vaccines work by activating the body’s natural defense ahead of time. 2. A virus’s antigenic site must fit a cell’s receptor for an attachment to occur. (Drawing) 3. Vaccines contain the proteins from a virus’s antigenic sites. (Optional drawing.) 4. Proteins from a virus’s antigenic sites are called antigens. 5. The body’s immune system learns to identify virus antigens and makes antibodies that can attach to them. 6. Viruses are destroyed when antibodies attach to them. (Drawing) 7. Viruses can only multiply by using a host cell. (Drawing) 8. Active viruses enter a host cell and immediately force it to produce more viruses. (Drawing) 9. Hidden viruses enter a cell and hide in the cell’s DNA before becoming active at a later time. (Drawing) 10. Antibiotics don’t stop viral infections or virus production, so they are not a treatment for viral illnesses. 11. Some viral infections can be prevented with vaccines.

4/13 Virus and Bacteria Video The videos covered all the items below except 12, 13 & 14.

 4/12 Pondering V&B ((Use SNB pages 56 & 57.) Explain each of the following using a few complete sentences with no undefined pronouns. 1. Explain how virus production might be impacted if the virus's host cell lacks energy? 2. Why are viruses considered not living? Include something about the characteristics of life. 3. Explain how the body's natural defenses might be activated against a particular virus. Include something about the proteins of a virus's antigenic sites. 4. Explain how active and hidden viruses are different. 5. Why are antibiotics not a treatment for viruses? 6. Explain why signs of infection may not occur for ten years. Include something about the hosts genetic material. 7. Explain how a bacterium can become genetically different? 8. What is the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell and explain which one describes bacteria? 9. What do decomposers do and what if there were none? 10. What if a virus had a mutation in the proteins of its antigenic site? 11. Explain the results of binary fission. Include the words “two” and “exactly.” 12. Draw the steps of virus reproduction in order. 13. Write a Cornell type summary about viruses. 14. Write a Cornell type summary about bacteria.

Cooperative-differentiated learning: Write a term or concept; and write a detail about it. Share what you think about each item with others.

4/10 & 11 Students were lead through the expectations of each assignment. Students also had 40 minutes for doing make up work.

http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/biot09.biotech.tools.avianflu/

http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/envh10.sci.life.eco.westnilenyc/

http://www.brainpop.com/health/diseasesinjuriesandconditions/vaccines

http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/immunesystem/

http://www.brainpop.com/health/diseasesinjuriesandconditions/fluandfluvaccine/

http://www.brainpop.com/health/diseasesinjuriesandconditions/avianflu/

http://www.brainpop.com/health/diseasesinjuriesandconditions/sars/

http://www.brainpop.com/health/diseasesinjuriesandconditions/viruses/

http://www.brainpop.com/health/personalhealth/boogers/

 4/9 Binary Fission (Copy to SNB page 55.) Students were given a second time to complete this warm-up assignment. Stop Copying.

Video Clips for background knowledge and relevancy. Is it cause by a virus or bacteria? Watch for binary fission and conjugation. http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/envh10.sci.life.eco.westnilenyc/ http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/biot09.biotech.concpt.kmicrobe/ http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/oer08.sci.life.gen.bassler/

Virus Review:

Active Virus

Hidden Virus Not to be confused with binary fission in bacteria:

Virus or Bacteria? Bacteria or Virus? Bacteria or Virus?

4/5 8th Grade Science Placement Test

 4/4 (Make two equal sized columns using page 54 of your SNB. Write a short version of the question in one column and answer it in the other column. Or combine the question and answer into a complete sentence without undefined pronouns.)
 * Bacteria Questions**

Rigid protective structures around cells are called cell walls. Bacteria are cells and are surrounded by rigid protective structures. So, bacteria have cell walls. 1. What are the rigid protective structures around bacteria called?

Genetic material in eukaryotic cells is contained inside a nuclear membrane making a nucleus. The genetic material of prokaryotic cells is not in a nucleus. Bacteria don’t have nuclei, so they are prokaryotic cells. 2. Describe bacteria?

Bacteria are unlike eukaryotic cells in that they don’t have a nucleus. Since bacteria don’t have nuclei, they are prokaryotic cells. Bacteria are like eukaryotic cells in that they have ribosomes in their cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is not a structure. 3. Compare and contrast bacteria to eukaryotic cells.

Bacteria can go into a resting state if conditions become unfavorable. Lack of food, oxygen, or hash temperatures can causes bacteria to form endospores. Bacteria form endospores during extreme conditions. 4. How do bacteria respond to extreme conditions?

Sourdough bread, cheese and vinegar are all produced with the help of bacteria. Bacteria give the bread its sour taste. Bacteria also change juices into vinegar and milk into cheese or yogurt. 5. What gives sourdough bread its sour taste?

Bacteria produce energy using the process of respiration. Sugar is broken down by cells using the process of respiration to produce energy. Bacteria are cells, so bacteria produce energy using the process of respiration. 6. What is it called when bacteria breakdown sugar to produce energy?

A decomposer breaks down large chemicals into smaller ones. Bacteria are decomposers, so they break down large chemicals into smaller ones. Decomposition by bacteria helps recycle chemicals in dead organisms and can help in environmental cleanup. This shows not all bacteria cause disease. 7. What do decomposers do? 8. Do all bacteria cause disease?

Conjugation is the process by which genetic material is passed from one bacterial cell to another through cell to cell contact. The bacterium that receives the new genetic material is genetically different after conjugation. 9. What process results in bacteria becoming genetically different?

Bacteria increase in number through binary fission. Binary fission starts with one cell and ends with two cells. The genetic material of the two cells produced is exactly alike. Binary fission is how bacteria reproduce. 10. In bacteria, cells with identical genetic material are produce by what reproductive process?

Binary fission is the process bacteria use to reproduce. One cell becomes two cells through this process. The two resulting cells are genetically identical. 11. How does the genetic material compare between the two new cells produced by binary fission?

 4/3 __Bacteria Introduction__ (Make two equal size columns on Pages 52 & 53 of your SNB. Copy these notes in the left column and write paraphrases of them in the right column. Notes are 40% and paraphrases are 60%.)

1. Bacteria are single-celled organisms without nuclei. 2. Bacteria are prokaryotes because they do not have nuclei. 3. Plants and animals are eukaryotes and have cells with a nucleus. 4. Most bacteria are surrounded by a rigid protective structure called a cell wall. 5. Cytoplasm is all stuff inside the cell membrane of a bacterium, so cytoplasm is not a structure. 6. Genetic material and ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm of bacteria. 7. Bacteria do not have membrane bound organelles like the Golgi body or mitochondria. 8. Binary fission is a process that produces two bacterium with identical genetic material. 9. Conjugation is a process that results in bacteria that are genetically different. 10. Endospores form in bacteria during extreme conditions. 11. Bacteria break down sugars to provide energy, so they do the process of respiration.

4/2 Workbook pages 156 & 157. Review page 155. Virus Practice Test 1. ......activate the body’s natural defenses against a particular virus. 2. Viruses can’t multiply without a ......, so they are ...... . 3. Viruses are not ...... and are smaller than them. 4. Viruses are like parasites because they ...... the cells they infect. 5. Viruses attack ...... types of cells. 6. .......are viruses that infect bacteria. 7. ...... viruses become part of the host’s genetic material 8. ......may not produce symptoms for 10 years. 9. Viruses can ......, they just require a cell to do it.

Know the following: A. Viruses can multiply, they just require a cell to do it. B. Virus are considered not living because they are not cells and don’t have life’s characteristics.

Cells have the characteristics of life. Cells produce cellular energy (ATP). Cells grow and develop. Cells multiply themselves.

Viruses don’t have the characteristics of life. Viruses don’t produce cellular energy. Viruses don’t grow and develop. Viruses must take over a cell to multiply.

 3/30 Students completed workbook page 155 and did 1, 2 & 3 below on SNB page 49. 1. Draw and label these five virus shapes. What these viruses look like is shown in a picture below.
 * Viruses 3**
 * Ebola Virus**

2. Title and caption your next drawing with, "**Lock and Key" Fit** The antigenetic site of the virus and surface protein receptor of the host cell must fit together for a virus to attach to a cell.



3. Be able to identify the following virus structures: Antigenetic sites Envelope Protein Coat (Capsid) Genetic Material (RNA)

How a one kind of virus attaches to and inters a cell.



FYI: Below is a picture of how hidden viruses work followed by an animation.

Animation follows the diagram above.


 * Study the shapes of different viruses.**





 3/29 Viruses 2 (Take notes on SNB page 50 & 51 in Cornell Style.) 1-10 start with Viruses: 1. can’t survive without infecting a host or group of host cells. 2. get all the chemicals and molecules they need to survive and reproduce from host cells. 3. can be thought of as robots that need to take over a factory to make more of themselves. 4. are very specialized and use a cell’s identification markers to infect host cells. 5. have receptors that fit cell markers like a lock and key. 6. are not cells, but consist of genetic material and a protein coat. 7. don't grow, develop or obtain energy; so they are not living. 8. are provided with energy by its host cell. 9. are much smaller than cells. 10. attach with surface proteins that FIT a cell’s identification proteins like a key to a lock. 11. Virus surface proteins are called antigenic sites. 12. Virus surface proteins are called antigenic sites, because once exposed, an immune system will react to these surface antigens. 13. Anti means opposed and bio means life. Antibiotic means “opposed to life.” 14. Antibiotics don't work on nonliving viruses. 15. Antibiotics are not a treatment for viral infections. 16. Vaccines work by activating the body's natural defenses. 17. Currently there are no cures for viral diseases. 18. Vaccines can only prevent viral infections; they can't treat or cure viral infections. 19. Vaccines prepare the immune system enabling it to destroy viruses before they cause the disease.

 3/28 (Use SNB page 48. Not Cornell style. Copy the figure on Textbook pages 320 & 321 including the 12 items of text. )
 * Active and Hidden Viruses**

Active and Hidden Viruses__ Active viruses enter host cells and immediately begin to multiply, leading to the quick death of the invaded cells. Hidden viruses “hide” for a while inside host cells before becoming active. 1. Attach to the host cell. 2. Inject their genetic material. 3a. The genetic material takes over the host cell's functions. 3b. Virus proteins and genetic material is produced. 4. New virus fill the cell being assembled from the proteins and genetic material 5. The cell burst open releasing the virus that will infect other cells. || Hidden Viruses 1. Attaches to the host cell. 2. Genetic material is injected into the host cell. 3. The virus's genetic material becomes part of the host cell's DNA.. (Each time the host cell divides the, the virus's genetic material is copied along with the host cells DNA.) 4. After some time, the virus's genetic material removes itself and becomes active. 5a. Protein coats and genetic material is produced. 5b. New viruses are assembled from the parts. 6. Crowding burst the cell open releasing the new viruses. || BrainPop Viruses http://www.brainpop.com/health/diseasesinjuriesandconditions/viruses/
 * Active :
 * [[image:lifescitpjhs/lytic_cycle2.GIF width="261" height="259"]] || [[image:lifescitpjhs/lysogenic_cycle.gif width="288" height="247"]] ||

 3/27 (Use pages 46 and 47 in your SNB. Make two equal sized columns. Write notes in one column and paraphrases in the other. Notes 40% and paraphrases 60%) 1. __Viruses__ are tiny, nonliving particles that invade cells and then use them to multiply. 2. Viruses are not cells and don't have all the characteristics of living things. 3. The only way in which viruses are like organisms is that they can multiply. 4. Viruses can only multiply by taking over a living cell and making it produce more viruses. 5. Viruses multiply inside and get energy from the cells they infect in a __host__ organism. 6. Viruses act like __parasites__ by harming or destroying the invaded host-cell. 7. Viruses infect all types of cells including bacteria. 8. Viruses have many different shapes, but all consist of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. 9. A virus’ protein coat protects its genetic material. 10. A virus's genetic material contains the instructions for making new viruses. 11. Some viruses have an additional outer membrane, or envelope. 12. __Surface proteins__ on a virus play a key role in how a host cell is infected. 13. The shape of the surface proteins on a virus will fit the surface proteins of the host cell exactly. 14. Because of the fit between the surface proteins of viruses and host cells, viruses can lock onto and infect the host cell.
 * Viruses **

3/26 Students took the Natural History 2 Test