z4thQ2011

Assignments are listed below with the most current at the top. (Notes are just the text taken from presentations.)

Frog

6/9 Mystery Bag activity

6/8 Frog dissection 2 Make up work for some students

6/7 Frog dissection 1 Make up work for some students

6/6 Placement test and pre-dissection activity.

6/3 Final (10% of your semester grade)

6/2 Final Review 3 (The final has 37 questions similar to the ones presented in the three reviews.) Make your own study guide using the questions provided. Each question addresses the concept of an item on the final. 1. Draw and name the structure on which pollen must fall to fertilize a flower's eggs. p. 394 2. Draw and name the part of a flower that develops into a fruit. 3. Where are sliding joints found in the body? p. 520 4. Where in the body are ball joints found? 5. When a shovel is used to pry up dirt, what class of lever is it? p. 537 6. Draw and label a first class lever. 7. Where is the fulcrum in the arm? p. 539 8. The contraction of the __ventricles__ causes in the arteries. p. 560 9. What is the function of heart valves? p. 555 10. The width of a piece of paper is about 20 centimeters. How long is a line that is a little less than half the width of a sheet of paper? 11. There are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. How many centimeters are in 18 meters.

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__6/1__ __F__inal Review 2 (The final has 37 questions similar to the ones presented in the three reviews.) Make your own study guide using the questions provided. Each question addresses the concept of an item on the final. 1. What are descriptions of past __environments__ and the history of life based on? p. 289 2. What does finding fossils of the same dinosaur on three different continents indicate? (Hint-Pangaea p. 291) 3. What is the basis for the major divisions of the geologic time scale? p.289 4. How old is the Earth according to geologists? p. 288 5. When do scientists think life on Earth began? p.286 6. What structure do all living organisms have in common? p. 509 7. What joint function does the pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs do? p. 573 8. What is the point of figure 17 on page 529? 9. What muscle lifts the bone of the forearm? 10. What is an egg? p. 649 11. In mammals, what happens to unfertilized eggs? p. 654 12. What does the umbilical cord do? p. 559 13. What structure exchanges substances between the mother and fetus?

5/31 Final Review 1 (The final has 37 questions similar to the ones presented in the three reviews.) Make your own study guide using the questions provided. Each question addresses the concept of an item on the final. 1. Know the three kinds of levers shown on pages 537 and 539. What class lever is a shovel? Draw a shovel and indicate the resistance force, fulcrum and effort force. 2. Draw fertilization like on page 649. Label items in your picture. 3. Explain asexual reproduction with a quick sketch. 4. Sketch this: Pollen fertilizing an egg in a cone bearing plants (gymnosperms) or in a flower bearing plant (angiosperm). Page 391 #5 or 395 # 4. 5. Sketch and explain the beaks of Darwin's finches. 6. What conditions might lead to the evolution of a new species? 7. What could cause competition among organisms? 8. How are evolutionary relationships determined? 9. What is being close on a classification tree supposed to indicate? 10. What will most likely happen to swamp grass if the swamp drys out? 11. How can the Earth's crust slowly affect a location's climate? 12. What evidence fossil evidence supports the Earth's catastrophic past? 13. What does radioactive dating allow geologist to determine? 14. Where are oldest sedimentary rocks layers found?

5/27 Workbook page 312 / number 19 only. Workbook pages 316, 317, & 318 / Numbers 1-23
 * 67

5/26 Points are earned as follows: Copying 33%, Answer 33%, and Putting the question and answer together 33%. 1. The two sex cells involved in reproduction are … 2. …… occurs when the two cells of sexual reproduction join together. 3. The joining of an egg and sperm first produces a …… 4. Body cells contain …… chromosomes. 5. Sex cells contain …… chromosomes. 6. A zygote contains …… chromosomes. 7. The …… produce sperm cells. 8. …… controls the development of male characteristics. 9. The mixture of sperm, fluid, and nutrients is called …… 10. Just the small-thin tube through which Semen and urine exit the male is called the…. 11. The …… produce egg cells. 12. ……. controls the development of female characteristics. 13. …… is the tube that connects the ovaries and uterus. 14. ……. usually occurs in the fallopian tube. 15. …… is an organ surrounded by a muscle where babies develop due to sexual activity. 16. ….. begins when a fertilized egg attaches to the wall of the uterus after sexual activity. 17. …… are a group of cells in which an egg matures before ovulation. 18. …… is when an ovary releases a egg into a fallopian tube. 19. Write the five stages of the menstrual cycle from figure 9 on page 655.
 * 1) 66 Maturity Required 2 (Copy and Answer)

5/25 Movie Questions

5/24 Movie Questions

5/23 Read Workbook page 309. (or chapter 16) Copy and answer the questions. (1/3 credit if questions not copied.) 1 ………… is required when studying the reproductive system. 2 Eggs and sperm are ………… ………… 3 The joining of an egg and sperm is called ………… 4 A fertilized egg is called a ………… 5 A zygote’s chromosomes come from both the ………… and ………… 6 Sperm are produced by the ………… 7 Male development is controlled by the hormone ………… 8 Semen and urine leave the male through a small-thin tube called the ….……… ……… 9 The role of the female reproductive system if to nourish a developing baby until birth, if an egg is ………… 10 Eggs and the hormone estrogen is produced by the ………… 11 The two passageways for eggs are called the ………… 12 Fertilization usually occurs in the ………… 13 Fallopian tubes lead to the ………… 14 Fertilized eggs become babies in the ………… <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">15 …... mature in the ovary and the ….. becomes thicker during the menstrual cycle. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">16 The group of cells in which an egg matures is called a ………… <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">17 The release of an egg from an ovary is called ………… <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">18 ……… are produced by using a fertile, reproductive systems.
 * 1) 63 Maturity Required (Assignment due at the end of the period. #63 must be done twice to earn credit if not turned in on 5/23.

5/12 to 5/20 Start your group project: Alternative assignment for students that didn't produce enough in a group: Workbook pages: 263 to 267 273 to 277 284 to 286 306 to 308
 * 1) 58 Organ System Story

5/10 Use SNB pages 88 & 89, plus textbook pages 511 to 515. Write the name of each system and briefly tell what it does. Integumentary System- Skeletal System- Muscular System- Circulatory System- Respiratory System- Digestive System- Excretory System- Immune System- Reproductive System- Nervous System- Endocrine System-
 * 1) 57 What Organ Systems Do

5/9 Workbook pages 247 to 249 on Organ Systems

5/6 Flower Drawings Use SNB page 86 (Micro-slide Drawings) Draw, title and label pictures 1, 2. 4, & 5.

5/5 Draw figure 29 on textbook page 395 using SNB page 85. Draw, label, and explain what the parts do.
 * 1) 56 Flower Cycle

5/4 Draw figure 26 on textbook page 395 using SNB page 84. Draw, label, and explain what the parts do.
 * 1) 56 Flower Structure

5/3 Workbook pages 188 to 191

5/2 Workbook pages 172 to 175. Answer Questions

Students wrote down their grades for assignments #41 to 52 MAKE UP DAY!!!
 * 1) 55 Grades List II

4/21
 * 1) 56 Virus and Bacteria Test

4/20 Fill in the blanks and take at least one short note on each question.
 * 1) 54 Virus & Bacteria Test Review (Use SNB pages 81&82
 * 1) An illness is probably caused by a...... if signs of infect don’t appear for 10 years.
 * 2) ......are used to help in food production, making medicine, and environmental cleanup.
 * 3) ......begin to multiply immediately after it infecting a host cell.
 * 4) Breaking down large chemicals into smaller chemicals is done by organisms called .......
 * 5) What kind of cells do viruses attack?.......
 * 6) ......are not a treatment for viral infections.
 * 7) Bacteria don’t have nuclei, so they are described as .......
 * 8) The rigid protective structure around a bacterium is called a .......
 * 9) Producing energy by breaking down sugar is called.
 * 10) ........are viruses that infect bacteria.
 * 11) Viruses destroy their host cells, so they act like .......
 * 12) ...... ......, cheese, and vinegar are produce with the help of bacteria.
 * 13) Viruses are ......... than cells. (Size comparison)
 * 14) ........ work by activating the body’s immune system ahead of time.
 * 15) ........ are found in the cytoplasm of both bacteria and eukaryotic cells.
 * 16) When bacteria experience unfavorable conditions they form .......
 * 17) Viruses are not cells, so they are considered .......
 * 18) Viruses are provided energy by their .........
 * 19) ........ is a process that results in a bacterium becoming genetically different.
 * 20) ........ is a process that starts with one cell and results in two genetically identical bacterium.
 * 21) ........ is a process referred to as reproduction but it starts and ends with two bacteria
 * 22) ......... is a process that starts with one bacterium and ends with two bacteria.
 * 23) The function of a virus's antigenic sites are to ........ to host cells.
 * 24) Put the events of an active virus infection in the order in which they happen. (See figure 3 on page 320)

4/19 __#53 Bacteria Details__ ( Make two equal sized columns using pages 79 & 80 of your SNB. Copy the question and answer it in one column. Combine these into a sentence in the other column.)

Rigid protective structures around cells are called cell walls. Bacteria are cells and are surrounded by rigid protective structures. So, bacteria have cell walls. 1. What are the rigid protective structures around bacteria called?

Genetic material in eukaryotic cells is contained inside a nuclear membrane making a nucleus. The genetic material of prokaryotic cells is not in a nucleus. Bacteria don’t have nuclei, so they are prokaryotic cells. 2. Describe bacteria?

Bacteria are unlike eukaryotic cells in that they don’t have a nucleus. Since bacteria don’t have nuclei, they are prokaryotic cells. Bacteria are like eukaryotic cells in that they have ribosomes in their cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is not a structure. 3. Compare and contrast bacteria to eukaryotic cells.

Bacteria can go into a resting state if conditions become unfavorable. Lack of food, oxygen, or hash temperatures can causes bacteria to form endospores. Bacteria form endospores during extreme conditions. 4. How do bacteria respond to extreme conditions?

Sourdough bread, cheese and vinegar are all produced with the help of bacteria. Bacteria give the bread its sour taste. Bacteria also change juices into vinegar and milk into cheese or yogurt. 5. What gives sourdough bread its sour taste?

Bacteria produce energy using the process of respiration. Sugar is broken down by cells using the process of respiration to produce energy. Bacteria are cells, so bacteria produce energy using the process of respiration. 6. What is it called when bacteria breakdown sugar to produce energy?

A decomposer breaks down large chemicals into smaller ones. Bacteria are decomposers, so they break down large chemicals into smaller ones. Decomposition by bacteria helps recycle chemicals in dead organisms and can help in environmental cleanup. This shows not all bacteria cause disease. 7. What do decomposers do? 8. Do all bacteria cause disease?

Conjugation is the process by which genetic material is passed from one bacterial cell to another through cell to cell contact. The bacterium that receives the new genetic material is genetically different after conjugation. 9. What process results in bacteria becoming genetically different?

Bacteria increase in number through binary fission. Binary fission starts with one cell and ends with two cells. The genetic material of the two cells produced is exactly alike. Binary fission is how bacteria reproduce. 10. In bacteria, cells with identical genetic material are produce by what reproductive process?

Binary fission is the process bacteria use to reproduce. One cell becomes two cells through this process. The two resulting cells are genetically identical. 11. How does the genetic material compare between the two new cells produced by binary fission?

__Not part of the assignment__, but here are some more bacteria facts that give important background information about bacteria: 1. Not all bacteria cause disease. 2. A significant amount of atmospheric oxygen is produced by some bacteria through photosynthesis. 3. Bacteria also spoils food. 4. Refrigerating foods slows bacteria growth because low temperatures slows it reproduction. 5. Some food is pasteurized by heating it just high enough to kill harmful bacteria. 6. Bacteria help in food production. 7. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria change atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds plants need to grow. 8. Bacteria are also used to produce vinegar, cheese, yogurt, soy sauce, chocolate, and sourdough bread. 9. Bacteria are important decomposers in the environment. 10. Bacteria break down dead organisms and wastes, releasing chemicals to be used again. 11. Bacteria can break down oil and toxic chemicals to help cleanup environmental spills. 12. Some kinds of bacteria are important to one’s health. 13. Some species of bacteria aid digestion, produce needed vitamins, and inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria in your digestive system. 14. Bacteria have also been genetically engineered to produce human insulin for people with diabetes.

4/18 Virus and Bacteria Review Activity

4/15 Extra Credit Opportunity Notes on virus and bacterium videos.

4/14 1. Bacteria are single-celled organisms without nuclei. 2. Bacteria are prokaryotes because they do not have nuclei. 3. Plants and animals are eukaryotes and have cells with a nucleus. 4. Most bacteria are surrounded by a rigid protective structure called a cell wall. 5. Cytoplasm is all stuff inside the cell membrane of a bacterium, so cytoplasm is not a structure. 6. Genetic material and ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm of bacteria. 7.Bacteria do not have membrane bound organelles like the Golgi body or mitochondria. 8. Binary fission is a process that produces two bacterium with identical genetic material. 9. Conjugation is a process that results in bacteria that are genetically different. 10. Endospores form in bacteria during extreme conditions. 11. Bacteria break down sugars to provide energy, so they do the process of respiration.
 * 1) 52 Bacteria Introduction (Make two equal size columns on Pages 77 & 78 of your SNB. Copy these notes in the left column and write paraphrases of them in the right column. Notes are 45% and paraphrases are 55%.)

4/13 Workbook pages 159 to 161

4/12 __#51 In-depth Virus Details__ (Copy this and turn it in to the substitute for 100 % credit. Absent students copy it once. Students making this up due to not working with a substitute teacher will have to do it twice before earning any credit. The substitute told you this. )

1. Obtaining food, getting energy from food, and producing wastes are process done by cells, but not viruses. Viruses are considered nonliving because they are not cells.

2. Genetic material and a protein coat are the two main parts of a virus. The protein coat protects the genetic material. The genetic material contains the instruction for making new viruses.

3. Viruses multiply by taking over a cell and forcing it to make new viruses. The materials and energy to make new viruses comes from the host cell.

4. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. Bacteria are small cells without a nucleus. Viruses are even smaller and a hundred could attach to a bacterium.

5. Antigenic sites are the surface proteins on a virus. Antigenic sites are used by viruses to attach to host cells. Antibodies, produced by immune system cells, attach to antigenic sites to disable a virus.

6. Vaccines work by activating the body's natural defenses. Vaccines allow immune system cells to prepare to make antibodies against specific viruses before an infection.

7. Viral infections can’t be treated or cured by vaccines. Vaccines only prevent viral infections if received before the infection occurs.

8. Viral infections can’t be treated or cured by antibiotics. Antibiotics inhibit cell wall production in bacteria, but viruses don’t have them. Viruses are not affected by antibiotics.

9. There are no cures for viral infections. Viruses are only killed by cells of the immune system. Antiviral drugs don’t destroy viruses; instead they inhibit their development.

10. Active viruses cause their host cells to immediately produce new viruses. Hidden viruses become part of the host cell's genetic material and new virus production occurs later.

11. Becoming part of the host cell’s genetic material is how hidden virus differs from active viruses. Hidden viruses don’t take over the functions of host cells until later.

12. Attaching to a host cells, injecting its genetic material, causing the production of new virus parts, having the new viruses assembled, and leaving the cells is the order of virus reproduction.

Extra credit: Do summaries of each item to earn up to 10 points extra credit.

4/11

4/7 Infection Simulation Activity

4/6 (Use two equal sized columns and paraphrase each item. Notes 45% & paraphrases 55%) 1. Viruses are not cells, so they are considered nonliving. They don't grow, develop or obtain food. 2. A virus is provided with energy by its host cell. 3. Viruses are much smaller than cells. 4. Viruses have surface proteins that FIT receptor proteins on a cell's surface allowing them to attach. 5. Virus surface proteins are called antigenic sites. 6. The surface proteins on viruses are called antigenic sites, because once exposed an immune systems will react to these surface antigens. 7. Anti means opposed and bio means life. Antibiotic means “opposed to life.” Antibiotics don't work on nonliving viruses. 8. Antibiotics are not a treatment for viral infections. 9. Vaccines work by activating the body's natural defenses. Currently there are not cures for viral diseases. 10. Vaccines can only prevent viral infections, they can't treat or cure viral infections. Vaccines prepare the immune system enabling it to destroy viruses before they cause the disease. 11. Hidden viruses become part of the host cell's genetic material, rather than immediately causing new virus production.
 * 1) 50 Virus Facts (Use SNB pages 74 & 75)

4/5 (Use page72 in your SNB. Make two equal sized columns, but don't do paraphrases. Active virus in one column, hidden virus in the other.)
 * 1) 49 Active and Hidden: active viruses multiply immediately, while hidden viruses become active at a later time.

Active : 1. Attach to the host cell. 2. Inject their genetic material. 3a. The genetic material takes over the host cell's functions. 3b. Virus proteins and genetic material is produced. 4. New virus fill the cell being assembled from the proteins and genetic material 5. The cell burst open releasing the virus that will infect other cells.

Hidden Viruses 1. Attaches to the host cell. 2. Genetic material is injected into the host cell. 3. The virus's genetic material becomes part of the host cell's DNA.. (Each time the host cell divides the, the virus's genetic material is copied along with the host cells DNA.) 4. After some time, the virus's genetic material removes itself and becomes active. 5a. Protein coats and genetic material is produced. 5b. New viruses are assembled from the parts. 6. Crowding burst the cell open releasing the new viruses.

(Use SNB page 73) Draw the figures on pages 320 & 321. Include the numbers and summaries of the text using one to four words. Hint: Use a verb and a noun.

(Textbook pictures are presented better than the pictures below.) Active

Hidden

4/4 1. Viruses are tiny, nonliving particles that invade and then multiply inside living cells. 2. Viruses are not cells and don't have all the characteristics of living things. 3. The only way in which viruses are like organisms is that they can multiply. 4. Viruses can only multiply by taking over a living cell and making it produce more viruses. 5. Viruses multiply inside cells called hosts. 6. Viruses act like parasites by harming or destroying the host cell they live inside. 7. Viruses infect all types of cells including bacteria. 8. Viruses have many different shapes, but all consist of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. 9. A viruses protein coat protects its genetic material. 10. A virus's genetic material contains the instructions for making new viruses. 11. Some viruses have an additional outer membrane, or envelope 12. Surface proteins on a virus play a key role in how a host cell is infected. 13. The shape of the surface proteins on a virus will fit the surface proteins of the host cell exactly. 14. Because of the fit between the surface proteins of viruses and host cells, viruses can lock onto and infect the host cell.
 * 1) 48 viruses / (Use pages 70 and 71 in your SNB. Make two equal sized columns. Write the notes in the first column (45%). Write paraphrases of the 1st column in the 2nd Column (55%).)

4/1 (35 Minutes were given to finish #45)
 * 1) 46 Evolution Test

3/31 Use SNB pages 67 and 68. This assignment is to be done in two equal sized columns. To earn 45%, copy the question and write the answer after it in the left column. The sentences before each question will contain the answer to the question. To earn the remaining 55%, combine the question with the answer to make a statement. Write this statement in the right column. Your statements should be similar to the statements in assignment #44, but the order is different.
 * 1) 45 Evolution Test Review

A gene for a trait could mutate producing a new allele. This mutated allele could cause a new trait to appear and increase the genetic variation of the species. The idea of macro-evolution is that many of these mutations could give rise to a new species. __1. What could cause an new species to evolve?__

Isolation occurs when a species is separated into two groups by water, mountain ranges, or canyons. The environmental conditions of two separated groups may be different. These two groups may become different species when they adapt in different ways to these different conditions. __2. What may two isolated groups adapting to diverse environmental conditions become?__

Since food and resources are limited, the members of a species must compete with each other to survive. Due to genetic variations in a species, some members may out compete others. The organisms better adapted to their environment by certain traits could out compete others and be more likely to survive. __ 3. What could limited resources in an area lead to? __

The beaks of finches on the Galapagos Islands differed from one island to the next. The size and shape of finch beaks were adapted to the food eaten. Insect-eating finches had needle-like beaks, while seed-eating finches had strong, wide beaks. An adaption is a trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment. __4. What were the beaks of the Galapagos finches adapted to?__

Darwin proposed that evolution occurs through a mechanism called natural selection. He reasoned that factors in nature could select traits like people do when selectively breeding animals. In natural selection, individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and produce. __ 5. What was Darwin's mechanism for causing evolution? __

Limb bones of vertebrates are similar. Embryos of vertebrates are kind of similar. Also similarities in DNA sequences might indicate a common ancestor. Evolutionary relations ships are bases on similarities in body structures, early development, and DNA sequences. __ 6. What evidence is used to determine evolutionary relationships? __

A species of grass is adapted to a wet climate. If the environment the grass lives in becomes much dryer the grass will die. When all the grass of this species is dead, the grass has become extinct. __ 7. What will most likely happen to swamp grass if the swamp drys out? __

Genetic variations in a species may allow the species to adapt. If the environment or predators where a species lives changes some variations may help individuals survive. Species may not be able to adapt if the change is too much. When a species can't adapt to an environmental change, it will become extinct. __ 8. When does the extinction of a species occur? __

A classification tree has types of organisms at the end of its branches. The branches, trunk, and stump of the tree represent probable common ancestors based on the theory of evolution. Organisms on branches close together are theorized to have a closer relationship or common ancestor. __9. What indicates that two organism are more closely related on a classification tree?__

3/30 7-4 Workbook pages 127 & 128 / Do numbers# 11 to 21 7-5 Workbook pages 130 to 131 all questions Make up: Finish pages 122 to 124.

3/29 Use two equal sized columns. Copy these 10 items in one column for 45% and write paraphrases of these items for 55% in the other column. 1. Darwin reasoned that limited resources in an area would lead to competition among organisms. Due to variation, some individuals out compete their peers. 2. Darwin observed that finches in the Galapagos Islands had beaks adapted to the foods they ate. 3. According to Darwin, the mechanism for evolution is natural selection. 4. Natural selection is the process where organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survives and reproduce. 5. The evolution of a new species could be caused by a genetic mutation. 6. A new species may evolve after a single population becomes separated into two isolated groups and the groups change in order to adapt to their new different environments. 7. Scientist combine fossil evidence, body structures, early development, and DNA sequences in an effort to determine the evolutionary relationships among species. 8. A species of grass adapted to a wet climate will most likely become extinct in that area if the climate becomes much drier. 9. The extinction of a species occurs when that species cannot adapt to environmental changes. 10. On a classification tree, organisms that are closer together share more characteristics.
 * 1) 44 Concepts



3/28 7-3 Workbook pages 121 to 124.

Finish past work: 3/25 Ch.7 Section 2 Workbook pages 116 & 119

3/24 Ch.7 Section 1 Workbook pages 112 to 114.