z03rd+Quarter+2012

2nd Semester SNB Table  of Contents

4th Quarter Assignments 04th Quarter 2012

3/26 Students took Natural History Test 2

 3/23
 * Natural History 2 Test Prep** (SNB pp. 44 & 45. Copy each note for 40% Write a paraphrase of each note for 60%)

1. Darwin reasoned that limited resources in an area would lead to competition among organisms. 2. Due to variations, some individuals will out-compete their peers. 3. Darwin observed that finches in the Galapagos Islands had beaks adapted to the foods they ate. 4. According to Darwin, the mechanism for evolution is natural selection. 5. The idea of Natural selection is that organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce 6. The evolution of a new species could be caused by a genetic mutation. 7a. A new species may evolve after a single population becomes separated into two isolated groups 7b. and a new species may evolve after the groups change in order to adapt to diverse environments. 8. Scientists combine fossil evidence, body structures, early development, and DNA sequences in an effort to determine the evolutionary relationships among species. 9. A species of grass adapted to a wet climate will most likely become extinct in that area if the climate becomes much drier. 10. The extinction of a species occurs when that species cannot adapt to environmental changes. 11. On a classification tree, organisms that are closer together share more characteristics.

I. Which share more characteristics? a. Birds and amphibians b. Birds and mollusks c. Birds and spiders d. Birds and reptiles

II. Which share more characteristics? a. Fish and amphibians b. Birds and reptiles

Apply the concept of evolution: Which are more closely related?



Early Embryos have significant differences. Later Embryos show basic vertebrate body plan.

3/22 Workbook pages 123-124

3/21 Workbook pages 119 - 122

3/20 Workbook pages 116 to 118.

3/19 Workbook pages 112 to 114.

 3/15 The Structure of the Flower Copy figure 26 on textbook page 393 to SNB page 41 Include the: Tile The words under the title. The four boxes of text. The flower labeled

 3/14 (Short Natural History test tomorrow.) Take Geology test. (Copy notes in your choice of style on SNB pages 39 & 40) Natural History Test Prep 1. Radioactive dating allows geologists to determine the absolute age of a rock sample. 2. From radioactive dating, scientist assume the Earth is 4.6 billion years old. 3. Scientist think life on Earth began more than 3 billion years ago. 4. Life on Earth has been altered by changing climates and geologic events. 5. Mass extinctions are evidence that the Earth has experienced catastrophic events. 6. Fossils allow scientist to describe past environments and the history of life. 7. Finding fish fossils in rocks found in a desert indicates the desert was once under water. 8. Fossil evidence shows major changes have occurred in the life forms present on Earth at different times. 9. Major divisions in the geologic time scale are based on major changes in life forms at different times. 10. Each era of the geologic time scale ends by a mass extinction. 11. We currently live in the Cenozoic Era that hasn't ended with a mass extinction.

 3/13 (Short Geology test tomorrow.) Geo Test Prep (Copy notes in your choice of style on SNB pages 37 & 38) Geo Test Prep 1. The relative age of a rock is…. 2. What kind of rock might eventually be produced by a river eroding rock into sand? 3. Two geologic processes presented in chapter 8 are ….. 4. A series of processes on the Earth’s surfaces and in the crust and mantle that slowly changes rocks from one kind to another is called… 5. The geological theory that states that pieces of Earth’s outer layer are in constant, slow motion is… 6. What knowledge allows scientist to make the inference that in 15 million years Los Angeles will be next to San Francisco? 7. Explain why the continents have changed location over time? Don’t name the theory. 8. Environments on land and sea have changed and will continue to change as a result of… 9. Based on the idea of uniformitarianism, the processes that have occurred in the past are similar to the… 10. Large cumulative effects over long periods of time have occurred because of the …… …… occurring on the Earth. 11. As the Earth’s surface changes, what three things will happen to organisms living on it?

 3/12 Geology Study Guide (Cornell style notes on SNB page 35 & 36.)

3/9 (270 minutes have now been spent on this project.) Continued working on the Earth History Booklet

Students who felt they were not succeeding at the Earth History Booklet were allowed to choose to do an alternate assignment. Part 2 Workbook pages 134 & 135. Part 3 Workbook pages 137, 138, & 139. Part 4 a) Draw the two pictures on textbook page 278 b) Explain the answers to the Analyze and Conclude part, numbers 1 to 8. Part 5 Workbook pages 141, 142, & 143. Part 6 Workbook pages 145 & 146. Part 7 Workbook questions 2, 3, 4, 7, 13, 14, 20, & 23 on workbook pages 149 to 152.
 * Alternate assignment**: Workbook pages 134 to 152. Do the numbered questions.

3/8 Continued working on the Earth History Booklet 7. Geologic Time Scale (286) a) Tell what the geologic time scale is. b) Briefly explain the three Eras using the prefixes ceno, meso, and Paleo. c) Present one or two fact about each period. d) Explain something about how the first two eras ended. e) Draw a simplified geologic time scale.

Students who felt they were not succeeding at the Earth History Booklet were allowed to choose to do an alternate assignment. Alternate assignment: Workbook pages 134 to 152. Do the numbered questions.

3/7 Earth History Booklet part 3 (Not in SNB) 5. Radioactive Dating (280 – 282) a) Define radioactive decay. b) Tell what happens during radioactive decay. c) Tell what a half-life is. d) Tell what is inferred from moon rocks. e) Draw a picture explaining half-life and radioactive dating. 6. Movement of Earth’s Plates (283-285) a) Explain the theory of plate tectonics. b) Explain continental drift. c) Explain how the climate of a plate could slowly change due to its movement. d) Explain how the distribution of organisms could be affected by plate tectonics. e) Assemble Pangaea. Write the names of the present continents on or near their locations on Pangaea.

3/6 Review of concepts in the Earth History booklet parts 1. Presentation on radioactive dating and Pangaea.

3/5 Continued working on the Earth History Booklet

3/2 Earth History Booklet part 2 (Not in SNB 3. Relative Rock Age (272 & 273) a) Explain the difference between the relative and absolute ages of rocks. b) Explain the law of superposition. c) Show relative age, absolute age, and the law of superposition in a diagram. d) Show a fault, igneous intrusion, and an unconformity in a diagram. (274&275) e) Explain how unconformities occur. 4. Index fossils (276 & 277) a) Draw the two pictures on page 278 b) Explain the answers to the Analyze and Conclude part, numbers 1 to 8.)

3/1 Learned to interpret cross-section, rock maps. https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geosc10/Exercise5





Intrusion_unconformity_fault
 * [[image:0GeoMapJim5a.png width="320" height="322"]] ||

2/29 Continued working on Earth History Booklet. (Not in SNB) Also stamping and make up day.

2/28 Earth History Booklet **(Part 1)** (Use folded sheets of paper, not your SNB) Use the textbook page numbers as your guide. 1. Rock Types (269) a) Explain how igneous rocks form. b) Explain how sedimentary rocks form. c) Explain how metamorphic rocks form. 2. Rock Cycle (270 & 271) a) Draw a rock cycle diagram. b) Explain how volcanic activity can produce two kinds of igneous rock. c) Explain how igneous and metamorphic rock can be changed into sedimentary rock. d) Explain how the deposition of sediment can form sedimentary rock. e) Explain how heat and pressure can change igneous and sedimentary rocks into metamorphic rocks. f) Explain how igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks can become new igneous rocks. Rock Cycle Diagram (Textbook page 271) Five processes of the rock cycle. (textbook page 270)

 2/27 Rock Cycle Terms (Cornell style notes on SNB pages 33 & 34)

1. Biology means the study of life, so what does geology mean? Geology means... 2. Erosion occurs when weather breaks down rocks and carries away the pieces. 3. The principle of uniformitarianism states that the geologic processes that operate today also operated in the past. 4. Geologic process happen slowly and must have taken a long time to produce the Earth's enormous features, so the Earth must be very old. 5. Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic are the three main groups of rock. 6. Igneous rock forms when molten material from beneath Earth's surface cools and hardens. 7. Sedimentary rock is made of deposited sediments that have solidified. 8. Sediments are tiny pieces of rock and minerals. 9. Most fossils, such as the remains of plants and animals, are found in sedimentary rocks. 10. Metamorphic rock forms when an existing rock is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions. 11. Most metamorphic rock forms under pressure deep underground. 12. The rock cycle is a series of processes that slowly change rocks from one kind to another. 13. Forces inside the Earth and at the surface produce a rock cycle that builds, changes, and destroys rock. 14. The rock cycle starts with volcanic activity involving magma – molten material beneath the Earth's surface. 15. Some igneous rock forms when magma hardens underground and others form from magma flowing on the Earth's surface called __lava__. 16. Over time, Mountains made of igneous rock are worn away by erosion. 17. Deposition occurs when sediments are moved by water and wind to low places to form deep deposits. 18. Heat and pressure increase with depth in the Earth, so some deeper rocks can be slightly change into metamorphic rock. 19. Forces inside the earth can push all three types of very deep where the intense heat and pressure melts them into magma again.

2/24 Genetics Test Read and introduce yourself to the vocabulary of Chapter 8.

 2/23 (Practice Test for Test TOMORROW.) __**Study Guide Genetics**__ (Use SNB page 30 & 31 for Cornell Style notes) 1. Instructions for directing the cell's functions are found in the ... 2. More specifically than the nucleus, DNA is located in the …… of each cell. 3. Genes being passed from parents to offspring during reproduction is the theory of... 4. Inherited traits are determined by... 5. Meiosis produces …... daughter cells. 6 Sex cells have ….. as many chromosomes as body cells. 7. When sex cells combine to produce offspring, each sex cell will contribute …. the normal number of chromosomes. 8. The physical characteristics studied in genetics are called... 9. How many genes help determine eye color? 10. Use a Punnett square to show the probable genotypes of a cross between a Gg parent and a gg parent. 11. G = green teeth and g = white teeth. What is the phenotype of the Gg parent? 12. The probability of producing homozygous offspring is… 13. The probability of offspring with green teeth is…… % 14. Alleles for green teeth is dominant. Thus, crossing a purebred green toothed parent and a white toothed parent should result in… 15. Reproduction that results in offspring that are genetically different from their parents is… 16. As a result of asexual reproduction, the offspring should be genetically ……. to their parents. 17. Different forms of a gene are called… 18. The phenotype of hybrids determined by the ….. 19. Codominance means…. 20. Any change in a gene or chromosome is a…. 21. The study of heredity is known as ….. 22. …. …. show the probable outcomes of a genetic cross. 23. What does TT mean to geneticists?



 2/22 __**Using Genetics**__ (Use SNB pages 28 & 29 and take Cornell Style notes) 1. Multiple Alleles – genes with three or more forms (alleles) that code for a trait. 2. The three alleles for blood type are A, B, and 0; so blood type is determined by multiple alleles. 3. Sex chromosomes carry genes that determine whether a person is male or female. 4. Sex chromosomes carry genes for other traits like color vision and blood clotting. 5. Genes for traits on the X and Y chromosomes are sex-linked. 6. A person who has one recessive allele for a trait, but does not have the trait is called a carrier. 7. A genetic disorder is an abnormal condition that a person inherits through genes or chromosomes. 8. A pedigree is a chart that tracks which family members have a particular trait. 9. Having more or less than a pair of chromosomes causes some disorders. 10. A karyotype is a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell and can detect some genetic disorders. 11. Selective breeding, cloning, and genetic engineering are three methods for producing organisms with valuable traits. 12. Selective breeding is crossing animals with valuable traits. 13. Cloning is making copies of an organism with valuable traits. 14. Genetic engineering is transferring genes from one organism into the DNA of another. 15 …… is that genes are carried from parents to offspring on chromosomes. 16 ….. are the different forms of a gene. 17 ….. refers to the physical characteristics studied in genetics. 18 ….is an organism's physical appearance 19 The alleles and organisms has is its …….. = genetic makeup. 20. Probability is the likelihood that something will occur. 21 Punnett squares show all the possible out comes of a cross.

 2/16 __**Human Inheritance**__ (Use SNB page 26) 1. Widow's peak is dominant and straight hairline is recessive. 2. From a cross of two heterozygous parents, what is the probability of straight hairline offspring? Make and complete a Punnett Square to answer this. (How may squares have ww?) 3. Many traits like the one above is determined by a single gene with two alleles. 4. Traits are controlled in three ways, a) a single gene with two alleles b) a single gene with multiple alleles c) traits controlled by more than one gene 5. Blood Types: determined by multiple alleles. AB, A, B, O ( +, -) 6. Sex Chromosomes: Male = XY Female = XX Gender is determined by sex chromosomes. Sex-linked genes: Alleles for traits are located on the sex chromosomes. (The small h is the recessive allele for baldness.)

 2/15 (Big Test)
 * __Genetic Engineering__** (Reproduce figure 16 from textbook page 208 on SNB page 27)

2/14 (Big Test Tomorrow)  1. Based on the pictures on textbook pages 138, tell what differentiation means. 2. Plants have undifferentiated cells in their stems and roots that can specialize. 3. Different types of blood cells can form when special cells undergo differentiation. 4. Offspring produced by sexual reproduction differ genetically from both parents. 5. Sometimes a trait is determined by genes at more than one chromosome location. 6. DNA is found in the chromosomes. Chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins. 7. What percentage of the plants will be able to pass the dominant, tall gene to their offspring? 8. What is the probability for offspring with the recessive trait?. 9. King Hector doesn't usually drink chocolate milk. Write the metric ladder: 10. Convert: 600 cm = a. 6 mm b. 6 km c. 6 m d. 60 km 11. Convert: 2.23 g = a. 2,230 kg b. 0.223 mg c. 22.3 mg d. 0.00223 kg 12. A group of similar cells is a… 13. Different tissues make up … 14. Organs that work together are an… 15. Which is an cell, tissue, organ, and organ system? 15. Which is visible light?
 * Big Study Guide 2** (Use SNB pages 24 & 25)

16. Know the Cricket Experiment and figure 12 on textbook pages 20 & 21.



2/13 (Big Test Wednesday) 
 * __Big Study Guide 1__** (Use SNB pages 22 & 23.)

1. To be seen, objects must produce or reflect light into the eye. 2. Visible light are the “colors” found near the middle of the electromagnetic spectrum. 3. Radio waves have the longest wavelength and gamma rays have the shortest. 4. Light will travel in a straight line until it strikes a different substance. 5. Each convex lens bends light to make objects appear larger in a microscope. 6. White light is separated into the colors of the visible spectrum by a prism. 7. Refraction causes light rays to spread out with a concave lens. 8. Law of reflection: Draw the angle of an incident ray equal to the angle of a reflected ray. 9. Similar cells make tissues and organs are composed of different kinds of tissues. (The brain is made of more than two tissues, so it is an organ.) 10. Photosynthesis requires sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. 11. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plants. 12. Photosynthesis produces oxygen and sugar/food/glucose. 13. Respiration is a cell process that uses energy in food and oxygen. 14. Mitochondria in cells use oxygen to get energy from sugar. 15. Plant cells have chloroplast, chlorophyll, and cell walls; animal cells don’t. 16. Animal and plant cells have mitochondria for respiration. 17. The organelle that directs all the activities of the cell is the nucleus. 18. Chromosomes found in the nucleus, are DNA pieces that contain genes. 19. In the cell cycle, Mitosis is where the nucleus divides. 20. After cell division, exact copies of the parent cell’s genetic material are contained in each daughter cell.



 2/10 (Summary of textbook pages 178 & 179) (Copy the following on SNB page 21.) a) In the cell’s nucleus, the code for a protein is built into a piece of Messenger RNA off of a section of DNA. b) The mRNA brings the code instructions to the ribosome where the protein will be made. c) Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and are assembled like links in a chain. d) The code for a protein is the order of the amino acids. The bases on the mRNA determine this order. e) Transfer RNA brings amino acids to the correct three-letter code on the mRNA at the ribosome. f) The three bases on various tRNAs are matched up with bases on the mRNA three at a time according to the key below. g) The amino acids are connected in the order of the three letter codes at the ribosome one at a time making a protein.
 * __Making Proteins__**

Base Matching Key: Paper Model Activity Making Proteins Animaiton
 * A is matched with a U ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || A || T || C || G ||
 * T is matched with a A ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || ↓ || ↓ || ↓ || ↓ ||
 * C is matched with a G ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || U || A || G || C ||
 * G is matched with a C ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||

 2/9 __**Chromosome Haps**__ (Copy Cornell style on SNB pages 19 & 20.) 1. The prefix “a” means “not.” 2. Asexual reproduction involves only one parent. 3. Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are identical to the parent. 4. Sexual reproduction produces offspring that differs from both parents. 5. In sexual reproduction, parts of the genetic material from two parents combines to produce a new organism. 6. Offspring get half of their chromosomes from each of their parents. 7. Body cells have pairs of chromosomes and people have 23 pairs. 8. Sex-cells have only one set or half the chromosomes of body cells. 9. Sex-cells of people have 23 single, unpaired chromosomes. 10. Diploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent. 11. Meiosis produces sex-cells by separating the sets/pairs of chromosomes. 12. In meiosis, chromosome number is reduced by half to form sex-cells. 13. In meiosis, pairs of chromosomes trade parts, so different alleles crossover. 14. During meiosis, chromosome pairs are separated and moved into different cells. 15. During fertilization, two sex-cells combine so the new organism has pairs of chromosomes. 16. Punnett squares show how alleles separate into sex-cells. Each row and column represents a possible sex-cell. 17. Chromosomes are made up of many genes joined together like beads on a string. (35,000 genes in people) 18. Organisms can be homozygous for some traits and heterozygous for others.

2/8 __**Describing Alleles**__ (part 2) Copy and answer on the bottom half of SNB page 17.
 * 1) Homozygous dominant could be represented with the letters…
 * 2) Heterozygous could be represented with…
 * 3) Homozygous recessive could be represented with…
 * 4) There are two letters because…
 * 5) Alleles come in pairs because…

__**Modeling Chromosome with Socks.**__ Task: Count the number of socks to determine how many chromosomes people have. Count the pairs of socks to determine how many pairs of chromosomes people have. Remember that one chromosome of each pair comes from a different parent. Know why some people have a mismatched pair of chromosomes.

Directions: 1. Cut paper in half between the socks. Each partners gets half to separate with scissors. 2. Cut between the socks to separate them. Don’t cut them out, just separate them with a few cuts. (Pentagon, Square or triangle like shapes) 3. Line up the socks by length, from long to short and match the socks into pairs. 4. Count how many socks and pairs there are. 5 How many pairs match? (One comes from each parent.) 6. What does the mismatched pair represent? 7. What is the gender of the organism that has these chromosomes.

Materials http://lifescitpjhs.wikispaces.com/Sock+Karyotype

 2/7 (Use SNB page 18.) (Copy the following. As you copy draw and fill out Punnett squares for each cross. Then answer the questions about the offspring.)
 * __Genetic Terms__**

Using the terms genotype, phenotype, dominant, recessive, homozygous, and heterozygous. Punnett square show the possible allele combinations and their probability of occurring.

1. Ogre teeth: green is dominant / white is recessive. Cross a purebred dominant (GG) and a purebred recessive (gg). a) ……….% is heterozygous (Gg) b) ……….% have the dominant phenotype (green teeth)

2. Ogre pits: Hairy is dominant and hair-free is recessive. Cross two hybrids. a) Ratio of genotypes is… (homozygous dominant : heterozygous : homozygous recessive) b) Ratio of phenotypes is… (hairy phenotype : hair free phenotype) c) ……….% is homozygous dominant (HH) d) ……….% is heterozygous e) ……….% is homozygous recessive (hh) f) ……….% have the dominant phenotype g) ……….% have the recessive phenotype (hair-free)

3. Curley tail is dominant and straight is recessive. Cross a hybrid and purebred recessive. a) Ratio of genotypes is… b) Ratio of phenotypes is… c) ……….% is homozygous dominant d) ……….% is heterozygous e) ……….% is homozygous recessive f) ……….% have the dominant phenotype g) ……….% have the recessive phenotype

(Extra practice: Numbers 4 & 5 below are not required and probably won’t fit on page 18.) 4. Nose hair is dominant and hair-free is recessive. Cross a hybrid and another hybrid. Use the letter “N”. a) Ratio of genotypes is… b) Ratio of phenotypes is… c) ……….% is homozygous dominant d) ……….% is heterozygous e) ……….% is homozygous recessive f) ……….% have the dominant phenotype g) ……….% have the recessive phenotype

5. Waxy ears are dominant and wax-free ears are recessive. Cross a purebred dominant and a hybrid. Use the letter “E”. a) Ratio of genotypes is… b) Ratio of phenotypes is… c) ……….% is homozygous dominant d) ……….% is heterozygous e) ……….% is homozygous recessive f) ……….% have the dominant phenotype g) ……….% have the recessive phenotype

 2/6 __**Describing Alleles**__ (The following was copied on the top-half of SNB page 17 with a lecture on how to use the terms and relate them to Mendel's experiment. (A Punnett square was used to cross the alleles of the 1st Gen. to determine the alleles of the offspring of the 2nd Gen.) Dominant - Allele represented by the upper case letter. Only one dominant allele is needed to produce the trait. Recessive - Allele represented by a lower case letter. Two recessive alleles are needed to produce the trait. Phenotype - what it looks like - physical appearance - visible traits Genotype - The alleles it has - allele combinations (letters) Homozygous - has the same alleles. (TT or tt) Heterozygous - has different alleles. (Tt) (Use a Punnet square to determine the offspring from a cross of the 1st Gen.) (Note: allele combinations tT and Tt are identical. Do the allele combinations and ratios match the 2nd Gen of Mendel's experiment?)
 * Purebreds ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || Hybrids ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || Phenotype ratio is 3:1 ||
 * ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || Genotype ration is 1:2:1 ||


 * 1) Homozygous dominant could be represented with the letters…
 * 2) Heterozygous could be represented with…
 * 3) Homozygous recessive could be represented with…
 * 4) There are two letters because…
 * 5) Alleles come in pairs because…

 2/3 (On SNB page 16, Copy figure 7 on textbook pages 164 & 165. The textbook has the required pictures.)
 * __Punnett Square__**

Step 1: Draw the four boxes.

Step 2: a. Write the allele's of the male above each column of boxes. b. Write the allele's of the female beside each row of boxes.

Step 3: Copy one female allele across each row of boxes.

Step 4: Copy one male allele down each column of boxes.

Step 5: The offspring will have the allele combinations found in the four boxes.

 2/1 1. DNA is a long, thin molecule that looks like a twisted ladder that is made of bases AT and CG. 2. Chromosomes are pieces of DNA in the nucleus. Humans have 23 pairs. 3. Chromosome pairs – one comes from each parent to make up the pair. 4. Genes are a sequence of bases on the DNA that code for a trait. 5. Genes are factors/codes that control a trait. 6. Alleles are different kinds/forms of a gene. 7. Organisms get one allele from each of their parents. 8. An organism's alleles can be the same or different. 9. In purebreds, alleles are the same. 10. In hybrids, alleles are different and the organism will have the trait caused by the dominant allele. 11. Punnet Squares are used to determine the alleles in offspring. 12. Dominant Alleles – capital letters Recessive Alleles – lower case letters 13. Mendel's Experiment: a. Describe the alleles of the P Generation. b. What percent of the F1 offspring is TT? c. What percent of the F1 offspring is Tt? d. What percent of the F1 offspring is tt? e. Give the ratio of tall to short plants of the F1 Generation. f. What percent of the F2 offspring is TT? g. What percent of the F2 offspring is Tt? h. What percent of the F2 offspring is tt? i. Give the ratio of tall to short plants of the F2 Generation.
 * __Genes and Alleles__** (Use SNB pages 14 & 15. Take notes Cornell style.)









1/31 Current Science Weekly Reader assignment with Substitute. Turn in at the end of the hour and no make up allowed. You will be graded on the effort.

1/30 Mendel's Work/ Finished taking notes and reviewed the experiment. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Mendel’s Experiment: <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">8. __1st Generation__ – All of the offspring were tall. None of the offspring were short even though one parent was short.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Mendel’s Experiment: <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">9. __2nd Generation__ – Offspring occurred in the ratio of three tall plants to one short plant.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">10. The short trait of one parent of the parent generation did not occur in the 1st generation, but reappeared in the 2nd generation.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">11. The factors that determine traits are called genes.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">12. P Generation: <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">One parent had two tall genes. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The other parent had two short genes.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">13. F1 Generation: <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">All offspring have one tall and one short gene.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">14. F2 Generation: <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Can get a tall gene from both parents. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Can get a tall from one parent and a short form the other. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Can get a short gene from each parent.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">15 Optional Summary:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Traits are controlled by two genes.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">One gene comes from the female parent and the other comes from the male parent.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">One gene of a pair can hide or dominate the trait of another gene.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Offspring receiving two hidden or recessive gene will have the hidden trait

Reviewed mitosis Investigated traits and talked about how they are produced. Face_Traits Coat Colors

 1/27 Students who had their work complete did a microscope lab. Others finished their work. Students used used a microscope to observe the phases of mitosis in an onion's root tip. Students drew what they saw on SNB page 13. Below are pictures of what the students saw. Students followed the check list below to do the lab.

(Copy this first item at the top of your page.) Procedure Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, & telophase or daughter cells. ||
 * __Seeing Mitosis__**
 * Remember to set the microscope to low power before removing the slide.
 * || Place the slide on the stage. ||
 * || Set the microscope to low power and use the big knob to focus. ||
 * || Move the slide so the area of a root just behind the “cap” is in the center of the field of view. ||
 * || Switch to medium power and only use the SMALL knob to focus. ||
 * || Switch to high power and only use the SMALL knob to focus ||
 * || Find cells in the different phases of Mitosis.
 * || Draw the cells and tell what you see. ||
 * || Switch the microscope to low power. ||
 * || Lower the stage and turn the light off. ||
 * || Remove the slide and return it to the box. ||
 * || Plug in the microscope and cover it. ||

Note the zone of division where mitosis is more likely to be occurring. This is what students saw through the microscope.  1/2 1. Heredity is the passing of physical characteristics from parents to offspring. 2. Traits are physical characteristics that can be passed from parents to offspring. 3. Genetics is the study of heredity. 4. Mendel is considered the father of genetics. 5. A new organism begins to form when male and female sex cells join in the process called fertilization. 6. A purebred organism is the offspring of many generations that have the same trait. 7. Mendel’s Experiment: P Generation – In the Parent Generation, a tall purebred was cross with a short purebred. 8. 1st Generation – All of the offspring were tall. None of the offspring were short even though one parent was short. 9. 2nd Generation – Offspring occurred in the ratio of three tall plants to one short plant. 10. The short trait of one parent of the parent generation did not occur in the 1st generation, but reappeared in the 2nd generation. 11. The factors that determine traits are called genes. 12. P Generation: One parent had two tall genes. The other parent had two short genes. 13. F1 Generation: All offspring have one tall and one short gene. 14. F2 Generation: Can get a tall gene from both parents. Can get a tall from one parent and a short form the other. Can get a short gene from each parent. 15 Summary: Traits are controlled by two genes. One gene comes from the female parent and the other comes from the male parent. One gene of a pair can hide or dominate the trait of another gene. Offspring receiving two hidden or recessive gene will have the hidden trait.
 * Mendel's Work** (Use SNB pages 11 & 12. Write as Cornell notes)

 1/25 Use SNB page 10. Copy both figures and all explanations. Mendel crossed pea plants that had different traits. He did this by controlling pollination and fertilization in the plants he studied. (Textbook picture is slightly different.)
 * __Title: Page155 & 156__**
 * Crossing Pea Plants** (Page 155)

When Mendel crossed purebred tall plants with purebred short plants, the first generation off spring all were tall. He then allowed the first generation plants to self pollinate. About 75% of the offspring had tall stems, and about 25% of the offspring had short stems. Easy way to draw the above idea:
 * Results of a Cross** (Page 156)

 1/24 Do workbook pages 83 and 84.
 * Cell Differentiation**



Photosynthesis/Respiration/Cycle Cycle Practice Quiz

1. What are the three things photosynthesis requires? a._ b. _ c._

2. What two things are produced by photosynthesis? d. _ e._

3. What are two things that respiration requires? a. _ b._

4. What 3 things are produced by respiration? c._ d. _ e._

5. Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis are the three parts of ....

6. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase are the phases of...

7. In what phase of mitosis does the chromosomes separate

8. Chromosomes line up across the cell in what phase of mitosis?

9. The process by which one strand of DNA becomes two identical strands is called?

10. The process that uses oxygen to release the energy in food?

11. The process that uses light energy to produce sugar/food is called?

 1/23 1. __Autotrophs__ make their own food, but __heterotroph__s can't. Grass/Zebra 2. __Photosynthesis__ – process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight and uses it to make food. 3. __Photosynthesis__ uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen. 4. __Chlorophyll__ is a green pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy. 5. Carbon dioxide enters a plant through small openings on the undersides of leaves called __stomata__. Singular = __stoma__ 6. During __cellular respiration__, cells break down simple food molecules such as sugar and release energy they contain. 7. __Fermentation__ provides energy for some cells without using oxygen. 8. Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis are the three parts of the __CELL CYCLE__. 9. During __interphase__, the cell grows, makes a copy of its DNA, and prepares to divide. 10. During __mitosis__, one copy of the DNA is separated into the two new daughter cells. 11. During __cytokinesis__, the cytoplasm divides and organelles are separated into the two new daughter cells. 12. A cell makes an exact copy of its DNA in its nucleus by the process of __replication__. 13. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase are the phases of __mitosis__. 14. During __prophase__ the chromosomes form and become visible. 15. Threadlike __chromatin__ in the nucleus condenses to form double-rod structures called __chromosomes__. During prophase. 16. During __metaphase__ the chromosomes line up across the middle of the cell. 17. During __anaphase__, the chromosomes separate and each copy is moved to a side that will become a new cell. 18. During __telophase__ new nuclear membranes from and chromosomes start turning back to chromatin.
 * 4th Ch. Vocab** (Use SNB pages 7 & 8) (Students should quiz themselves on these terms to learn them.)

1/20 Replication Activity

 1/19 Use page 6 of your SNB. Make two equal sized columns. Copy the seven items in one column. In the other column draw the four pictures explaining the six items. Copy only the letters and do items #7
 * __Intro Replication__**

__**Intro Replication**__

1. Replication occurs when one double-sided strand of DNA becomes two double-sided strands.

2. The shape of DNA is a twisted ladder.

3. Two nitrogenous bases make up each step of the ladder.

4. The complementary base pairs are AT or TA and CG or GC

5. During replication, the two sides of a DNA strand separate and two new strands form by complementary pairs being added to each side of the split.

6. Replication 1st. The DNA unzips making two single strands. 2nd. Free bases are added to their complimentary bases forming new double strands. 3rd. The bases are connected to form the new sides.

7. Complementary base pairs means A only pairs with T and C only pairs with G.

7. (Finish writing the bases for the new side-strand of DNA using the idea of complementary base pairs.) C-C-A-G-T-A-G-T-T-G-A-C G-G-T-C

 1/18 __**Cell Cycle**__ Use page 5 of your SNB. Use the pictures on textbook pages 132 & 133. Make six drawings of the cell cycle and tell what happens in each. (Textbook page 132 will help.) 1. Interphase:
 * Cell Growth
 * DNA is copied

2. Prophase:
 * DNA forms chromosomes
 * Centrioles separate

3. Metaphase:
 * Chromosomes line up
 * Spindle Fibers attach

4. Anaphase:
 * Chromatids separate
 * Cell Stretches out

5. Telophase
 * Nuclear membranes reform
 * Chromosomes start unwinding

6. Cytokinesis:
 * Cytoplasm divides
 * DNA is unwound

 1/17 __**Energy Processes**__ Use page 4 of your SNB. (releases energy from sugar), and (uses energy in light to make sugar). ...................(Five items are used twice.) || First process 1. What process occurs in plants? 2. What organelle is involved in the process? 3. Process equation: ............................+........................ + ...........................→ ..................... + ......................... (4. Items going to the process are?).......(5. Items produced by the process are?) 6. What does the process do? Second Process 7. What process occurs in both plants and animals? 8. What organelle is involved in the process? 9. Process equation: ...........................+ ..........................→ ...........................+......................... + ......................... (10. Items going into the process are?)..... (11. Items produced by the process are?) 12. What does the process do?
 * Word Bank: carbon dioxide, cellular respiration, chloroplast, energy, glucose, mitochondria, oxygen, photosynthesis, water,

Students are to copy this picture.